HISTORY OF PHYSICAL THERAPY IN US and IN ASIA

Happy Physical Therapy Month from all of us at TheraCare -  All Time Care. Our clinical lead Therapist Lily Wang DPT., takes a look at the long history of Physical Therapy both in America and in Asia.  Read on to learn about the origins of the modern physical therapy career!
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Physical therapy techniques have been documented throughout history as a means to treat pain.  As early as 300 B.C. the Chinese used rubbing as therapeutic measures. In 460 B.C., Hippocrates and the Romans wrote about massage, manual therapy techniques, and hydrotherapy. But it was Per Henrik Ling, the “Father of Swedish Gymnastics”,  who founded the Royal Central Institute of gymnastics in 1813, and is credited as creating the original profession of physical therapy.  
In the United States, Physical Therapy began in response to the needs of shoulders injured during World War I. The wounded needed to return to battle, creating a demand for rehabilitation. The Surgeon General decided to adopt a plan following the European model for rehabilitation. He defined physiotherapy as ‘physical measures such as are employed under physiotherapy, including hydro, electro, mechano therapy, active exercise, indoor and outdoor games, and passive exercise in the form of massage. (Granger, 1923).
In 1917, the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction was established.  Boston based Orthopedic Surgeons, Elliot G. Brachett, MD and Joel E. Goldthwait MD,  Frank Granger, MD, and Marguerite Sanderson developed both physical reconstruction and education programs for the United States.  Brachett had experience with the Medical Department of the Army and was the chief surgeon of the Orthopedic Military Corps in the Home Services. Goldthwait was the chief surgeon in the Orthopedic Military Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, and Granger was appointed chief of the physical therapy section.  Granger practiced neurology and used physical procedures in his treatment. 

Marguerite Sanderson, a graduate from Wellesley College and Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, was associated with Goldthwait in his Boston practice. Sanderson and the others organized the administrative details for the Reconstruction Aids program.  Shortly after the beginning of the war she was transferred to Washington, DC to organize reconstruction units for overseas hospitals;  she later went to Germany with the Army of Occupation to supervise the Reconstruction Aids.
Before her departure in 1918, Sanderson met Mary McMillian at the Walter Reed General Hospital .  McMillian was trained in Europe and returned to the United States becoming the first Physical Therapist in the United States. She was assigned by the Surgeon General to the Reconstruction Aid program and appointed head Reconstruction Aid in March of 1918.

The First Physical Therapists 
When Sanderson and the other reconstruction units reached the overseas hospitals they took the medical corps by surprise. Many physicians did not know that “such a group of women existed.”  (Hanzeheyer, 1946).  These young women came wearing blue uniforms, “they were not nurses, social services workers, nor were the daughters of the rich who came to help the Soldiers forget their troubles (Hazenhyer, 1946). These women were trained in physical education, “military” massage, muscle re-education and were ready to perform their duty.  The United States had about 2000 Aids in service during the war and about three hundred of them were overseas. 

The Physical Therapy Development in Asia
According to World Physiotherapy Asia Western Pacific ( AWP ) Region record, early countries who  recieved western educational training, and were able to implement such specialty into their healthcare system were : Australia 1951, then India 1955,  Hong Kong ,Malasia, Phillipine  in 1963 and followed by Japan and Korea in 1966; Later then Taiwan and Thailand each in   1975 and 1978. Iran & Singapore followed in 1980's.  Middle Eastern countries were able to join after the 90's. Although there are much diversity in ethic, language, geography; the promotion of physical therapy are common to all. Currently there are 29 countries whithin the Asia Western Pacific Region.
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Resources 

Granger, F.B., MD “the beginning of ‘Modern Physiotherapy’:.  PT Review June 1923, 13-14
Hazenhyer, Ida May “A History of the American Physiotherapy ASsociation”  PT. Review Jan/Feb 1946, 60-99

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